Material Culture Bronze
dyang
Posted in: Material Culture on: January 25th, 2011
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The invention of bronze metallurgy heralded a new era for the civilizations that wielded the technology, and the various applications for this amazingly versatile material spread across multiple sectors of society and became deeply ingrained into their culture and economy. Bronze items, whether for military, ceremonial or mundane purposes, were praised for their durability and luster, and bronze technology, most likely first developed in Mesopotamia, eventually moved far and wide once it became a valued commodity. Evidence of bronze ware has been discovered across Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and East Asia, where it emerged sometime in the third millennia BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence for the existence of bronze in China was found to be in the Majiayao (马家窑 ) culture that inhabited the upper Yellow River valley in the northwest of China around 3100—2700 BCE, even though the metallurgical craft did not reach the high form of artistry that we associate with ancient Chinese bronze-ware until the time of the Shang Dynasty, roughly one thousand years later.
Bronze is an alloy of copper with other materials, ordinarily tin – both abundant in many parts of East Asia. The bronze craftsmen of the Shang Dynasty preferred to include a small percentage of lead to the composite, which made pouring the molten bronze less difficult. (Tin counteracted copper’s brittleness, producing a material of adequate strength for use in chariots and military equipment, where it provided a decisive military advantage over earlier forms of weaponry.) Chinese craftsmen, unique among other bronze producing cultures, employed a technique known as the piece-mold process, wherein the mold was divided into removable sections, which would combine around a solid core, leaving enough empty space in between for the molten bronze to form the vessel. While bronze was useful for military purposes, ritual vessels were undoubtedly the most prevalent application, and these extraordinary objects became the very symbol of power for the Shang kings, as well as potent symbols of status for the elite.
Ancient ritual vessels, multitudinous in size and shape, were used in ceremonial banquets as containers of offerings to the ancestors and, as such, were traditionally divided into two major categories: containers for food and those for wine. They were usually inscribed with ornate decorations and some bore inscriptions referring to either the clan or the craftsmen who manufactured the pieces. Some vessels were made to commemorate a significant event, and may contain inscriptions, for example, detailing the success of a certain general’s military campaign or bestowing honor on a revered relative, friend, or ruler.
The craftsmen of these vessels would take meticulous care creating the designs, which, on some of the more complex pieces, are often an incredibly intricate assemblage of animal motifs, faces and abstract patterns. These designs would be worked into the molds and, once the molten bronze was poured in, would produce the reverse of the design on the final product. Although the craftsmen were rarely at liberty to experiment with new forms of vessels, they would, however, tweak design elements, making certain bronzes more detailed, more expensive, and including design elements favored by different cultures included in the Shang trade networks.
China Institute’s gallery exhibition, Along the Yangzi River: Regional Cultures of the Bronze Age from Hunan, displays bronzes of different Yangzi River cultures from the Hunan Provincial Museum in Changsha. While certainly a descendant of the great bronze culture of the Central Plain (i.e. at Anyang), these bronzes possess some unique qualities that distinguish them from bronzes favored elsewhere in China. In terms of design, the Hunan bronzes tend to be more stylized and feature a preference for animal designs, such as the tiger motif prominent on a number of pieces. Many of the vessels were cast in the shapes of animals, such as elephants or buffalo, in a similarly distinctive way. In addition, certain objects were more highly prized in these cultures than in the traditional bronze culture of the Central Plain. While many ding bronzes were the most prized possessions among the Anyang nobility, for example, the cultures of the middle Yangzi region held a unique preference for musical instruments, notably the nao bell, and a large number of these bells have been found in the area. This suggests that the cultures of this region maintained a degree of cultural independence, despite having political and economic ties to the Shang court.
Bronze vessels represent an amazing advancement for ancient Chinese civilization. Only a highly developed, stable society could possess the social and economic structure to produce bronze vessels of such craftsmanship and purpose for centuries on end. Thousands of bronzes have been discovered in China so far, and many more are unearthed each day. Each new find contributes to the field of understanding about ancient China and continues to bring to light the colorful beliefs and ritual practices of the ancient Chinese.